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The Role of International Law in Addressing Climate Change Issues

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The Role of International Law in Addressing Climate Change Issues

The Role of International Law in Addressing Climate Change Issues
Renata Christha Auli, S.H.Si Pokrol
Si Pokrol
Bacaan 10 Menit
The Role of International Law in Addressing Climate Change Issues

PERTANYAAN

Are there any regulations on climate change according to International Law?

DAFTAR ISI

    INTISARI JAWABAN

    Climate change is one of the main problems and has a huge impact on the world. Thus, how does International Law respond to this issue? Are there any provisions of International Law relating to the mitigation of climate change?

    Please read the review below for a further explanation.

    ULASAN LENGKAP

    This article is an English translation of Peran Hukum Internasional dalam Menanggulangi Isu Perubahan Iklim which was written by Renata Christha Auli, S.H. and was published on Friday, 1 July 2022.

    All legal informations which are available through Klinik hukumonline.com have been prepared for educational purposes only and are general in nature (read the complete Disclaimer). In order to obtain legal advice specific to your case, please consult with Justika Partner Consultant.

    Climate change has been a topic of conversation in the international community since 1979. Countries gathered at the World Climate Change Conference in Geneva to discuss efforts to mitigate global warming. The conference was followed by the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ("IPCC").[1]

    One of the environmental issues that has a significant impact on the lives of creatures on earth is the phenomenon of climate change.[2] Climate change is global and long-term. Climate change will have a major impact on the social, economic, and environmental systems, as well as on the security aspects of human life which include water, food, and health. From these impacts, it can be determined that the climate is a common property, global in nature, and affects human interests as a whole.[3]

    From this explanation, it can be concluded that climate change, which is an environmental problem, has a major influence on concepts in International Law.[4] The following is an explanation of the role of International Law in addressing climate change.

    Belajar Hukum Secara Online dari Pengajar Berkompeten Dengan Biaya TerjangkauMulai DariRp. 149.000

    Also read: Climate Change: This is the Role of Indonesian National Law

    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

    United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (“UNFCCC”) has the purpose to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at levels that do not harm the climate system.[5] This convention is a form of the seriousness of the international community in determining common goals and strategic plans for the mitigation of climate change. State parties agree to stabilize the concentration of anthropogenic greenhouse gases as the main source of climate change and to avoid disruption of the climate system by controlling the main causes of methane, nitric acid, and specifically carbon dioxide emissions.[6] You can read more about the commitment of the state parties of the convention, to reduce and avoid anthropogenic greenhouse gases under Article 4 UNFCCC.

    The UNFCCC has been legally binding since 21 March 1994. Based on the convention, countries that ratify the convention are divided into 2 (two) groups, namely:[7]

    1. Annex I countries;
    2. Non-Annex I countries.

    Annex I countries are countries that contribute large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, Non-Annex I countries are countries that are not included in Annex I or whose contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is much lower and whose economic growth is much lower. The Indonesian government has ratified the UNFCCC through Law 6/1994 and is part of a Non-Annex I country. Therefore, Indonesia is officially bound by the obligations set out in the UNFCCC in an effort to achieve the purpose of the convention.[8]

    In Indonesia, the greenhouse effect may be less common. Greenhouses are usually used in 4 (four) season countries that do not have sunlight throughout the year and do not have weather that is suitable for agriculture throughout the year. Thus, people in these countries build greenhouses to capture the sun's heat. The house then stores heat so that people can grow crops or farm in it. This heat capture effect is known as the greenhouse effect. The earth has several kinds of chemical elements such as CO2, methane, and others which function as a blanket for the earth. If there is no such gas, then the temperature of the earth will be very cold and uninhabitable for humans. These gases trap the sun's rays which fall to the earth or are often referred to as greenhouse gas. However, if there is an industrial revolution that massively produces greenhouse gas which continues to increase in the earth's atmosphere, greenhouse gas will become very large, and more heat will be trapped on earth.[9]

    In order to implement the purpose/objective of the convention, the UNFCCC establishes the Conference of the Parties ("COP") which is regulated in Article 7 UNFCCC. The functions of the COP are to review the implementation of the convention, to monitor the implementation of state parties' obligations in accordance with the convention's objectives, to promote and facilitate the exchange of information, to make recommendations to state parties, and to establish supporting agencies if deemed necessary.[10]

    Kyoto Protocol 1997

    Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1997 (“Kyoto Protocol”) is an International Law that has a relation with the UNFCCC. This Protocol is the basis for industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[11] In order to implement the objectives of the UNFCCC, the COP at a meeting in 1997, in Kyoto, Japan, resulted in a consensus in the form of a decision to adopt the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol came into force in 2005. The first commitment period for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol began in 2008 and ended in 2012.[12] Meanwhile, the second commitment period for the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol began in 2013 until 2020.[13]

    The Kyoto Protocol regulates several matters, such as the mechanism for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, implemented by developed countries, namely:[14]

    1. Joint Implementation;
    2. Emissions Trading;
    3. Clean Development Mechanism (“CDM”).

    Indonesia has ratified the Kyoto Protocol through Law 17/2004.

    Cancun Agreement

    The COP conference which was held in Cancun, Mexico, in 2010 resulted in the Cancun Agreement which contains rules for mitigating climate change through international and domestic approaches. This agreement aims to assist developing countries in protecting themselves from the effects of climate change while simultaneously pursuing sustainable development.[15]

    The Cancun Agreement contains formal rules on the need for the protection of customary law communities, as stipulated in Article 72 Cancun Agreement, as follows:

    Also requests developing country Parties, when developing and implementing their national strategies or action plans, to address, inter alia, drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, land tenure issues, forest governance issues, gender considerations and the safeguards identified in paragraph 2 of annex I to this decision, ensuring the full and effective participation of relevant stakeholders, inter alia, indigenous peoples and local communities;

    According to the article, there is an important reference in terms of the protection of customary law communities and local communities in the implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation ("REDD+") program, i.e. when developing countries develop and implement national strategies or action plans to address the causes of deforestation and forest degradation, these countries must ensure the full and effective involvement of customary law communities and local communities.[16]

    Doha Amendment

    In 2012, after the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012) ended, state parties met in Doha, Qatar to adopt the amendment to the Kyoto Protocol. The Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol (“Doha Amendment”) resulted in new rules on reductions on emissions for the second commitment period for state parties. However, the Doha Amendment did not last long because in 2015 a "summit" or High-Level Conference on Sustainable Development was held in Paris. All of the UNFCCC state parties signed the Paris Climate Agreement, which in turn effectively replaced the Kyoto Protocol.[17]

    Paris Agreement

    The Paris Agreement is a replacement for the Kyoto Protocol.[18] In 2015, state parties to the UNFCCC adopted the agreement as part of an internationally coordinated effort to address climate change. In contrast to the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement does not set out any emissions reductions, but instead formulates overall climate change goals and sets out the freedom of state parties as to how and how much countries can contribute in order to achieve said goals. This is of course taking into account the different national circumstances of each country (principles of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances), which are regulated under Article 2.2 Paris Agreement.[19]

    On 22 April 2016, Indonesia signed the Paris Agreement in New York. As a ratifying country, Indonesia is committed to making efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to take active steps to prevent climate change. The Indonesian government subsequently issued Law 16/2016. The Government also has 9 (nine) priority actions for national development, as outlined in the Nawa Cita, which is a national commitment toward low-carbon and climate-resilient development. In the National Development Agenda, climate change adaptation and mitigation are priorities.[20] Up to this point, 193 countries and the European Union have become parties to the agreement.[21]

    In conclusion, climate change has become one of the main problems in International Law and has a huge impact felt by the whole world. Climate change has been the subject of global discussion since 1979. However, the international community did not only hold discussions, but also held conferences and succeeded in reaching decisions and agreements to cooperate internationally in order to deal with climate change.

    Enrich your legal research with the latest bilingual legal analysis, as well as the collection of regulatory translations integrated into Hukumonline Pro, click here to learn more.

    These are the answers we can provide, we hope you will find them useful.

    Legal Basis:

    1. Law Number 6 of 1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;
    2. Law Number 17 of 2004 on the Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;
    3. Law Number 16 of 2016 on the Ratification of the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;
    4. Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol;
    5. Cancun Agreement;
    6. Paris Agreement;
    7. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1997;
    8. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

    References:

    1. Andreas Pramudianto, Dari Kyoto Protocol 1997 Hingga Paris Agreement 2015: Dinamika Diplomasi Perubahan Iklim Global dan ASEAN Menuju 2020, Jurnal Global, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2016;
    2. Ardina Purbo (et.al), Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution, Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016;
    3. Asian Development Bank, Climate Change, Coming Soon to a Court Near You, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2020;
    4. Bernadinus Steni (et.al), Hukum, Perubahan Iklim dan REDD, Jakarta: HuMa, 2010;
    5. Charlotte Streck, The Paris Agreement: A New Beginning, Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law, Vol. 13, 2016;
    6. Christoph Böhringer, The Kyoto Protocol: A Review and Perspectives, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2003;
    7. Deni Bram, Perspektif Keadilan Iklim dalam Instrumen Hukum Lingkungan Internasional Tentang Perubahan Iklim, Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2011;
    8. Leony Marcha Rotua Cahaya Pardede, Peran Hukum Internasional dalam Menekan Pengaruh Emisi Sektor Penerbangan Terhadap Laju Perubahan Iklim, Jurnal Belli Ac Pacis, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2021;
    9. Philip Aerni (et.al), Climate Change and International Law: Exploring the Linkages Between Human Rights, Environment, Trade, and Investment, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2011;
    10. Muazzin, Perlindungan Hak Masyarakat Hukum Adat dalam Kegiatan REDD+,  Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Vol. 66 No. 17, 2015;
    11. Yoomi Kim (et.al)Environmental and Economic Effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol, PLOS ONE Journal, Vol. 21, 2020;
    12. DITJEN PPI, Kesepakatan Dunia dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Iklim, accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 20.08 Central Indonesian Time (zone);
    13. DITJEN PPI, Komitmen Indonesia dalam Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 23.21 Central Indonesian Time (zone);
    14. United Nations, The Paris Agreement, accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 23.15 Central Indonesian Time (zone).

    [1] DITJEN PPI, Kesepakatan Dunia dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Iklim, accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 20.08 Central Indonesian Time (zone);

    [2] Deni Bram, Perspektif Keadilan Iklim dalam Instrumen Hukum Lingkungan Internasional Tentang Perubahan Iklim, Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2011, p. 285.

    [3] Philip Aerni (et.al), Climate Change and International Law: Exploring the Linkages Between Human Rights, Environment, Trade, and Investment, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2011, p. 140.

    [4] Bernadinus Steni (et.al), Hukum, Perubahan Iklim dan REDD, Jakarta: HuMa, 2010, p. 44.

    [5] Ardina Purbo (et.al), Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution, Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016, p. 9.

    [6] Deni Bram, Perspektif Keadilan Iklim dalam Instrumen Hukum Lingkungan Internasional Tentang Perubahan Iklim,Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2011, p. 287.

    [7] Ardina Purbo (et.al)Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution, Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016, p. 9.

    [8] Ardina Purbo (et.al)Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution, Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016, p. 9.

    [9] Bernadinus Steni (et.al), Hukum, Perubahan Iklim dan REDD, Jakarta: HuMa, 2010, pp. 6-7.

    [10] Ardina Purbo (et.al)Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution, Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016, p. 9.

    [11] Yoomi Kim (et.al)Environmental and Economic Effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol, PLOS ONE Journal, Vol. 21, 2020, p. 2.

    [12] Christoph Böhringer, The Kyoto Protocol: A Review and Perspectives, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2003, p. 451.

    [13] Andreas Pramudianto, Dari Kyoto Protocol 1997 Hingga Paris Agreement 2015: Dinamika Diplomasi Perubahan Iklim Global dan ASEAN Menuju 2020, Jurnal Global, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2016, p. 78.

    [14] Ardina Purbo (et.al)Perubahan Iklim, Perjanjian Paris, dan Nationality Determined Contribution, Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, 2016, p. 11.

    [15] Asian Development Bank, Climate Change, Coming Soon to a Court Near You, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2020, p. 23.

    [16] Muazzin, Perlindungan Hak Masyarakat Hukum Adat dalam Kegiatan REDD+, Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Vol. 66 No. 17, 2015, p. 278.

    [17] Leony Marcha Rotua Cahaya Pardede, Peran Hukum Internasional dalam Menekan Pengaruh Emisi Sektor Penerbangan Terhadap Laju Perubahan Iklim, Jurnal Belli Ac Pacis, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2021, p. 87.

    [18] Andreas Pramudianto, Dari Kyoto Protocol 1997 Hingga Paris Agreement 2015: Dinamika Diplomasi Perubahan Iklim Global dan ASEAN Menuju 2020, Jurnal Global, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2016, p. 78.

    [19] Charlotte Streck, The Paris Agreement: A New Beginning, Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law, Vol. 13, 2016, pp. 4-5.

    [20] DITJEN PPI, Komitmen Indonesia dalam Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim, accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 23.21 Central Indonesian Time (zone).

    [21] United Nations, The Paris Agreement, accessed on 27 Juni 2022, at 23.15 Central Indonesian Time (zone).

     

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